Torus with tetravalent vertices

This amazing beaded structure is connected by a tetravalent network, which is different our previous trivalent beaded fullerenes. The construction rule for this type of toroidal systems, however, is exactly similar to that we used for carbon tori. But, instead of pentagons and heptagons, here we use triangle and pentagons to simulate the positive and negative Gaussian curvatures located in the outer- and inner-rim of the torus. Generalization to other topologically nontrivial 2-D structures seems to be straightforward.


(work by Chuang)