Ping-Pong Valence Sphere Model

Valence sphere models, a qualitative chemical bond model that includes the influence of the electron pair repulsion among valence electron pairs and attraction between positive atomic core and negative electron pairs, can be constructed with Ping-Pong balls easily. Here, I made three pairs of linked ping-pong balls and used them to create a tetrahedral sp³-hybridized AX₄ system and a octahedral d²sp³ hybridized AX₆ system.